我国北方大中型沼气工程运行成本主要包括原料费、人员工资、加热费、电费、水费、运输车辆燃油费等（设备折旧没有计入）。其中运行成本占比较大的为人员工资、原料费和加热费，所占比例超过70~90%。

　　The operating costs of large and medium-sized biogas projects in northern China mainly include raw material costs, personnel salaries, heating costs, electricity costs, water costs, transportation vehicle fuel costs, etc. (equipment depreciation is not included). Among them, the operating costs account for a large proportion of personnel salaries, raw material costs, and heating costs, accounting for over 70-90%.

　　下面以内蒙古比较有代表性的厌氧消化器容积1000m?，发酵原料为牛粪的沼气工程，气候条件以呼和浩特市为例，重点分析这些主要的成本费用。

　　Below is a representative anaerobic digester in Inner Mongolia with a capacity of 1000m ? and a fermentation material of cow manure for biogas engineering. Taking Hohhot city as an example under climatic conditions, the main costs and expenses will be analyzed in detail.

　　一、运行成本测算

　　1、 Calculation of operating costs

　　采用呼和浩特市的气象资料数据进行测算，其运行成本（运行成本未将沼气工程折旧计算在内）测算如下。

　　Using meteorological data from Hohhot city for calculation, the operating costs (excluding depreciation of biogas projects) are estimated as follows. 

　　（一）1m?沼气的生产成本

　　（1） Production cost of 1m ? biogas

　　1原料成本0.42元，占总成本的29.4%

　　The raw material cost is 0.42 yuan, accounting for 29.4% of the total cost

　　生产1m?沼气需0.042m?鲜牛粪，1m?鲜牛粪按10元计，1m?沼气的原料成本为：10元×0.042=0.42元。

　　Producing 1m ? of biogas requires 0.042m ? of fresh cow manure, which is calculated at 10 yuan. The raw material cost of 1m ? of biogas is: 10 yuan x 0.042=0.42 yuan. ?

　　2加温成本0.49元，占总成本的34.3%

　　The heating cost is 0.49 yuan, accounting for 34.3% of the total cost

　　物料增温是中温厌氧消化的重要条件，为保证发酵料液在35℃左右条件下正常发酵运行，需要对物料进行升温。

　　Material warming is an important condition for mesophilic anaerobic digestion. To ensure the normal fermentation operation of the fermentation broth at around 35 ℃, it is necessary to raise the temperature of the material.

　　（1）物料升温需热量?1000m?的厌氧消化器容积，水力滞留期20天，每天需浓度8%的料液50吨，鲜牛粪的干物质含量为17%，故需每天加鲜牛粪23.5吨，补充水26.5吨。

　　(1) The heating of materials requires an anaerobic digester with a capacity of 1000m ? of heat, a hydraulic retention period of 20 days, and a daily requirement of 50 tons of feed solution with a concentration of 8%. The dry matter content of fresh cow manure is 17%, so 23.5 tons of fresh cow manure and 26.5 tons of supplementary water need to be added daily. ?

　　a冬季(12～2月)物料升温需热量

　　The heat required for material heating in winter (December to February)

　　物料温度0℃(冬季平均气温-10.5℃)，补充水温10℃。则平均每天物料增温需热量为：23.5×1000×(35-0)+26.5×1000×(35-10)=1.485×106kcal

　　The material temperature is 0 ℃ (average winter temperature -10.5 ℃), and the supplementary water temperature is 10 ℃. The average daily heating requirement for materials is: 23.5 × 1000 × (35-0)+26.5 × 1000 × (35-10)=1.485 × 106kcal

　　b春秋季(3～5月和9～11月)物料升温需热量物料温度10℃(春秋季平均气温7.1℃)，补充水温10℃。则平均每天物料增温需热量为：23.5×1000×(35-10)+26.5×1000×(35-10)=1.25×106kcal

　　In spring and autumn (March to May and September to November), the required heat for material heating is 10 ℃ (the average temperature in spring and autumn is 7.1 ℃), and the supplementary water temperature is 10 ℃. The average daily heating requirement for materials is 23.5 × 1000 × (35-10)+26.5 × 1000 × (35-10)=1.25 × 106kcal

　　c夏季(7～9月)物料升温需热量?物料温度25℃(春秋季平均气温20.9℃)，补充水温20℃。则平均每天物料增温需热量为：23.5×1000×(35-25)+26.5×1000×(35-20)=0.633×106kcald全年合计?全年物料升温需热量为：1.485×106kcal×90+1.25×106kcal×180+0.633×106kcal×90=415.62×106kcal

　　In summer (July to September), the required heat for material heating is 25 ℃ (the average temperature in spring and autumn is 20.9 ℃), and the supplementary water temperature is 20 ℃. The average daily heat demand for material heating is 23.5 × 1000 × (35-25)+26.5 × 1000 × (35-20)=0.633 × 106kcal. The total annual heat demand for material heating is 1.485 × 106kcal × 90+1.25 × 106kcal × 180+0.633 × 106kcal × 90=415.62 × 106kcal

　　（2）罐体保温需热量?发酵罐体保温补充热能应等于罐体散热，在此过程中应考虑管道散热损耗。散热量计算公式为：Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24?其中λ为导热系数，采用聚氨酯发泡保温材料，导热系数λ=0.0275。?S为罐体散热面面，罐体尺寸为φ9.93m×13.0m，共一座。其中：?S=(3.14×9.93×13.0+4.965×4.965×3.14)=482.74m2T1为罐内料液温度，T1=35℃。T2为环境温度，T2=-10.5℃(冬季)?=7.1℃(春秋季)=20.9℃(夏季)。?B为保温材料厚度，B=100mm=0.1m。乘3600和24是将1秒的散热量换算成1昼夜的散热量。?a、冬季的散热量Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24×90?=0.0275×482.7×{35-(-10.5)}/0.1×3600×24×90=46965×106J=47.0×106kJ÷4.2=11.2×106kcal

　　(2) The insulation of the tank requires heat, and the supplementary heat energy for the insulation of the fermentation tank should be equal to the heat dissipation of the tank. During this process, the heat dissipation loss of the pipeline should be considered. The formula for calculating heat dissipation is: Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24, where λ is the thermal conductivity and polyurethane foam insulation material is used, with a thermal conductivity of λ=0.0275. S is the heat dissipation surface of the tank body, with a size of 9.93m × 13.0m, and a total of one tank body. Among them, S=(3.14 × 9.93 × 13.0+4.965 × 4.965 × 3.14)=482.74m2T1 is the temperature of the liquid in the tank, T1=35 ℃. T2 is the ambient temperature, T2=-10.5 ℃ (winter)=7.1 ℃ (spring and autumn)=20.9 ℃ (summer). B is the thickness of the insulation material, B=100mm=0.1m。 Multiplying by 3600 and 24 is to convert 1 second of heat dissipation into 1 day and night of heat dissipation. ?a、 The heat dissipation in winter is Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24 × 90=0.0275 × 482.7 × {35- (-10.5)}/0.1 × 3600 × 24 × 90=46965 × 106J=47.0 × 106kJ ÷ 4.2=11.2 × 106kcal

　　b、春秋季的散热量Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24×90=0.0275×482.7×(35-7.1)/0.1×3600×24×180=57597×106J=57.6×106kJ÷4.2=13.7×106kcal

　　b、 The heat dissipation in spring and autumn is Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24 × 90=0.0275 × 482.7 × (35-7.1)/0.1 × 3600 × 24 × 180=57597 × 106J=57.6 × 106kJ ÷ 4.2=13.7 × 106kcal

　　c、夏季的散热量Q=λ×S×(T1-T2)/b×3600×24×90?=0.0275×482.7×{35-20.9)/0.1×3600×24×90=14554×106J=14.6×106kJ÷4.2=3.48×106kcal

　　c、 Summer heat dissipation Q=λ × S × (T1-T2)/b × 3600 × 24 × 90=0.0275 × 482.7 × {35-20.9)/0.1 × 3600 × 24 × 90=14554 × 106J=14.6 × 106kJ ÷ 4.2=3.48 × 106kcal

　　d、全年合计

　　d、 Annual total

　　空气相对温度取50%，风力系数取3，空隙率取1.2，则全年物料散热量为：（11.2×106kcal+13.7×106kcal+3.48×106kcal）×50%×3×1.2=51.08×106kcal由于上述计算未考虑向地面散热和取样孔、溢流孔等处的散热，实际散热量至少为理论值的150%，即实际散热量为：51.08×106kcal×150%=76.62×106kcal

　　If the relative temperature of the air is taken as 50%, the wind coefficient is taken as 3, and the porosity is taken as 1.2, then the annual material heat dissipation is: (11.2 × 106kcal+13.7 × 106kcal+3.48 × 106kcal) × 50% × 3 × 1.2=51.08 × 106kcal. Since the above calculation does not consider heat dissipation to the ground, sampling holes, overflow holes, etc., the actual heat dissipation is at least 150% of the theoretical value, that is, the actual heat dissipation is: 51.08 × 106kcal × 150%=76.62 × 106kcal

　　（3）室内供暖需热量?每天供暖16个小时，一个供暖季所需的总热量为：254×100×16×180=73.15×106kcal

　　(3) Indoor heating requires 16 hours of heating per day, and the total heat required for one heating season is: 254 × 100 × 16 × 180=73.15 × 106kcal

　　（4）管道热损失?按以往的工程经验，管道热损失为总热量的10%，计算如下：?(415.62+76.62+73.15)×106kcaI×10%=56.54×106kcal

　　(4) According to past engineering experience, the heat loss of pipelines is 10% of the total heat, calculated as follows: (415.62+76.62+73.15) × 106kcaI × 10%=56.54 × 106kcal

　　（5）总需热量根据以上计算，系统运行全年所需热量为：(415.62+76.62+73.15+56.54)×106kcal=621.93×106kcal?沼气锅炉的热效率取70%，热值取5000kcal/m?，则系统全年需热量折合成沼气为：621193.×106kcal÷5000kcal/m?÷70%=177694m?每1m?沼气按1元计，则全年加温成本为：1元/m?×177694m?=177694元年产气量360000m?，产1m?沼气的加温成本为：177694元÷360000m?=0.494元/m?

　　(5) According to the above calculation, the total heat required for the system to operate throughout the year is: (415.62+76.62+73.15+56.54) × 106kcal=621.93 × 106kcal. The thermal efficiency of the biogas boiler is taken as 70%, and the calorific value is taken as 5000kcal/m ?. Therefore, the annual heat demand of the system is converted into biogas: 621193. × 106kcal ÷ 5000kcal/m ? ÷ 70%=177694m ?. If 1 yuan is calculated for every 1m ? of biogas, the annual heating cost is: 1 yuan/m ? × 177694m ?=177694. The annual gas production is 360000m ?, and the heating cost for producing 1m ? of biogas is: 177694 yuan ÷ 360000m ?=0.494 yuan/m ?

　　3电费成本0.12元，占总成本的8.4%

　　The cost of electricity is 0.12 yuan, accounting for 8.4% of the total cost

　　该沼气工程每天用电量243.94度，每度电的价格按0.5元计，合电费121.97元。因此，1m?沼气的用电成本为：121.97元÷1000m?=0.12元/m?

　　The biogas project consumes 243.94 kWh of electricity per day, with a price of 0.5 yuan per kWh, resulting in a total electricity cost of 121.97 yuan. Therefore, the electricity cost for 1m ? of biogas is: 121.97 yuan ÷ 1000m ?=0.12 yuan/m ?

　　4人工成本0.2元，占总成本的14.0%

　　The labor cost is 0.2 yuan, accounting for 14.0% of the total cost

　　沼气工程雇员3人、每人平均月薪2000元，每月产气30000m?（1000m?×30），生产1m?沼气的人工成本为：2000元×3÷30000m?=0.2元/m?

　　There are 3 employees in the biogas project, with an average monthly salary of 2000 yuan per person. The monthly gas production is 30000m ? (1000m ? × 30), and the labor cost for producing 1m ? of biogas is: 2000 yuan × 3 ÷ 30000m ?=0.2 yuan/m ?

　　5维修费成本元0.14元，占总成本的9.8%

　　The maintenance cost is 0.14 yuan, accounting for 9.8% of the total cost

　　工程总投资500万元，按惯例年维修费为工程造价的1%，故维修费为500万元×1%=5万元。年产沼气360000m?，则1m?沼气的维修成本沼气为：50000元÷360000m?=0.14元/m?

　　The total investment of the project is 5 million yuan, and according to convention, the annual maintenance cost is 1% of the project cost, so the maintenance cost is 5 million yuan x 1%=50000 yuan. If the annual production of biogas is 360000m ?, the maintenance cost of 1m ? biogas is: 50000 yuan ÷ 360000m ?=0.14 yuan/m ?

　　6水费等其它费用0.06元，占总成本的4.2%

　　Water and other fees are 0.06 yuan, accounting for 4.2% of the total cost

　　年产沼气360000m?，则1m?沼气的水费、脱硫剂等其它费用为：20000元÷360000m?=0.06元/m?

　　If the annual output of biogas is 360000m ?, the water fee, desulfurizer and other expenses for 1m ? of biogas are: 20000 yuan ÷ 360000m ?=0.06 yuan/m ?

　　综上所述，1m?沼气的生产成本为：0.42元+0.49元+0.12元+0.20元+0.14元+0.06元=1.43元。

　　In summary, the production cost of 1m ? biogas is 0.42 yuan+0.49 yuan+0.12 yuan+0.20 yuan+0.14 yuan+0.06 yuan=1.43 yuan. ?

　　（二）沼气工程运行总成本

　　（2） Total operating cost of biogas project

　　1m?沼气的生产成本为1.43元，全年产气360000m?，总成本为：1.43元×360000=514800元，即51.48万元。

　　The production cost of 1m ? biogas is 1.43 yuan, and the annual gas production is 360000 m ?. The total cost is 1.43 yuan × 360000=514800 yuan, which is 514800 yuan.

　　注：以上部分成本测算因地域不同也略有不同，仅供参考，相关成本测算应以当地实际情况为准。

　　Note: The above cost estimates may vary slightly depending on the region and are for reference only. The relevant cost estimates should be based on the actual local situation.

　　二、项目管理对策

　　2、 Project management strategies

　　安排项目一定要慎之又慎，宁缺勿滥，所选项目除应符合项目申报的一般要求外，还应满足以下几个条件。

　　When arranging projects, one must be extremely cautious, preferring to be deficient over excessive. In addition to meeting the general requirements for project application, the selected projects should also meet the following conditions.

　　”

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　　1、建设单位对改善农民生活品质或治理环境污染的意愿强烈。在社会主义新农村、新牧区建设过程中，有些集体经济实力比较强的村、嘎查，为了让村民过上高品质的生活，愿意拿出一些钱来对沼气工程的运行费用给予适度补贴；还有一些业主由于迫切需要治理畜禽粪便产生的污染问题，因而能够在一定程度上接受沼气工程的有限度亏本运行。因此，项目安排应选符合上述条件的建设单位。

　　1. The construction unit has a strong desire to improve the quality of life of farmers or control environmental pollution. In the process of building socialist new rural and pastoral areas, some villages and villages with strong collective economic strength are willing to provide moderate subsidies for the operating costs of biogas projects in order to enable villagers to live a high-quality life; Some property owners, due to the urgent need to control the pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure, are able to accept the limited loss operation of biogas projects to a certain extent. Therefore, the project arrangement should select construction units that meet the above conditions.

　　2、建设单位的沼气发酵原料必须有保证且廉价。要认真汲取过去的教训，对现有养殖数量不能满足沼气工程原料需求的应不批或缓批。要实事求是确定建设规模，防止有些业主为多争取国家补助资金，不切实际地增大建设规模。

　　2. The biogas fermentation raw materials of the construction unit must be guaranteed and inexpensive. We should seriously learn from the lessons of the past and not approve or delay the approval of those whose existing breeding quantity cannot meet the demand for biogas engineering raw materials. We should determine the construction scale truthfully to prevent some owners from unrealistically increasing the construction scale in order to obtain more national subsidy funds.

　　3、业主在沼气工程周边有较多地自有土地或周边设施农业的面积较大。沼气工程的直接经济效益，很大程度上需要靠沼渣沼液来实现。在当前实现沼渣、沼液有偿销售比较困难的情况下，若业主在沼气工程周边有较多的自有土地，沼渣、沼液的收益则可由业主自身获取。沼气工程周边设施农业数量大时，有助于实现沼渣、沼液的高值利用。

　　3. The owner has a large area of self owned land or agricultural facilities around the biogas project. The direct economic benefits of biogas engineering largely rely on biogas residue and slurry. In the current situation where it is difficult to achieve paid sales of biogas residue and slurry, if the owner has a large amount of self owned land around the biogas project, the income from biogas residue and slurry can be obtained by the owner themselves. When there are a large number of agricultural facilities around the biogas project, it helps to achieve high-value utilization of biogas residue and slurry.

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